一.情态动词的语法特征
1. 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2. 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3. 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4. 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式、分词、等形式。
情态动词的分类和意义
意义情态动词
can, may, might, could, would, will, shall, must, should, ought to, used to
二.情态动词的基本用法
1. can (could)
1) 表示能力,could主要指过去时间。例如:
① Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
② Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗?
2) 表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。例如:~,>_K
① He can't (couldn't) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
② You mustn't smoke while you're walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。
3) 表示允许。例如:
① Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?
② He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
4) 表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。例如:
① Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢?
② How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心?
5) 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。例如:
① Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗?.
② I'm afraid we couldn't give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
2.may (might)
1) 表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。例如:
① You may take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么。
② May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?
在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don't. / You'd better not. / No, you mustn't.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。
2) 表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。例如:
① He may be at home. 他可能在家。
② She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
must
1) 表示义务。意为"必须"(主观意志)。例如:
① We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
② --Must we hand in our exercise books now?我们现在就要交练习本吗?
--No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必。
4) 表示揣测。意为"想必、准是、一定"等,只用于肯定句。例如:
① He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
② She's wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。:
3.shall
1) 表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。例如:
① Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗?
② Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?
2) 表说话人的意愿,有"命令、允诺、警告、决心"等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。例如:
① You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)
② You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)
③ He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)
④ Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)
4.will
1) 表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。例如:
① I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
② None is so blind as those who won't see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
③ If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。
2) 表请求,用于疑问句。例如:
① Will you close the window? 请你把窗户关上好吗?
② Won't you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗?
3) 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。例如:
① Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
② The door won't open. 这门打不开。
5. should
1) 表义务。意为"应该"(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。例如:
① You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
② You shouldn't waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。
2) 表推测,意为"想必一定、照说应该、估计"等。例如:
① The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。
② They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
3)(表示不确定)万一。例如:
① If I should see him, I'll tell him. 万一我见到他,我就告诉他。
② If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be postponed. 万一明天下雨,比赛就延期举行。"
6. would
1) 表意愿。例如::
① They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
② I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2) 表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。例如:
① Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗?
② They wouldn't have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3) 表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。例如::
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。
7.ought to
1) 表义务,意为"应该"(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。例如:
① You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲,应当管他。
② You oughtn't to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
2) 表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。例如:
① Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
② There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。
8. used to
表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。例如:i
① There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。
② I usedn't (didn't use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。j }F
③ Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗?
9.特殊情态动词need和dare的用法:
need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。
1) 用作情态动词。例如:|
① You needn't telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。
② I don't think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。
③ She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。
④ How dare you say I'm unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平?_
2) 用作实义动词。例如:
① You don't need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。
② We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。
③ The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。
④ We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。
⑤ He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。
⑥ I dare say he'll come again. 我想他会再来的。
【注意】(I dare say…为固定习语)
◆ 难点突破
1. 情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法
1) 情态动词+动词完成式
情态动词+动词完成式即"情态动词+ have + done分词",表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。
must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测。其否定或疑问形式都用can(could) 来表示。 例如:
① Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night.
② He can't have missed the way. I drew him a map.
③ The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?
当然对现在发生或将来发生的事情,要用must do 表示猜测, 否定为can't do。例如:
④ He must understand that we mean business.
⑤ You must be hungry after a long walk.
may / might have done表示推测过去某事"也许"发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如:
⑥ I can't find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批评. 本应该做什么,而没做; 有时也用作猜测。例如:
⑦ You could have told us earlier.
⑧ Tom could have taken the dictionary.
ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldn't have done用于对已发生的情况表示"责备"、"不满",分别表示"本应该…"和"本不应该…"。例如:
⑨ With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
⑩ You ought not to have made fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
needn't have done 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为"本没必要…"。例如:
⑾ You needn't have waken me up; I don't have to go to work today.
【注意】表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。例如:
⑿ ---I wonder how Tom knew about your past.
---He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.
2) 情态动词+动词进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + doing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:
① He must be playing basketball in the room.
② She may be staying at home.
3) 情态动词+动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:
① They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
② He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.|