[注意]表示“采取措施做某事”还可以用do something / things to do something。We must do something to prevent SARS. 我们必须采取措施预防非典型性肺炎。/Have you done anything to deal with that problem? 你采取措施解决那个问题了吗?
10. 含介词 to 的短语
(1) according to 根据……所说
(2) adapt to 适应
(3) come to oneself 苏醒，恢复知觉
(4) devote...to 献身于……，专心于……
(5) get to 到达
(6) give birth to 生(孩子)
(7) lead to 通向，导致
(8) listen to 听
(9) make one's way to... 往……走
(10) make a contribution to 贡献给，捐赠
(11) on one's way to 在……途中
(12) owe...to...把……归功于……
(13) point to 指向……
(14) prefer...to... 喜欢……胜似……；宁愿干……而不愿
千……
(15) to one's surprise 令(某人)惊讶
(16) say goodbye to 告别，告辞
(17) thanks to 由于，多亏
(18) get down to 着手
(19) belong to 属于
(20) pay attention to 注意
(21) stick to 坚持
(22) object to 反对
(23) be opposed to 反对
(24) refer to 参阅，涉及
[例句]Everyone should make a contribution to a charity collection. 每个人都应该给慈善事业捐赠。/ At first I couldn't see anything when l stepped out of the room，but my eyes adapted to the dark bit by bit. 我刚走出房间时，起初什么也看不到，但是慢慢地我的眼睛适应了漆黑的环境。/ Thanks to the arrival of the police, the murderer was caught. 由于警察的赶到凶手才被捉住。/ We owe our great achievements to the correct leadership of the Party. 我们把取得的伟大成就归功于党的正确领导。/ After I graduated from university, l continued to devote myself to research. 我大学毕业后继续进行研究。/ Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness. 劳动量大且休息得很少经常导致疾病。
【考例】(2004湖北) Once a decision has been made, all of us should ____ it.
A. direct to B. stick to C. lead to D. refer to
[考查目标]此题主要考查四个短语的用法。
[答案与解析]B direct to 指引，指导；stick to 坚持；lead to 通向，导致；refer to 提到，谈到，参考。本句话意思是“一旦做出决定，就应该坚持”。
【考例】(2005浙江) The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without ____ his notes.
A. bringing up B. referring to
C. looking for D. trying on
[考查目标]此题主要考查四个短语的意思及用法。
[答案与解析]B refer to 意为“参照，提到”；bring up意为“抚养，养育”；look for 意为“寻找”；try on 意为“试穿”。题意“主席在商务会议上做了将近一小时的发言没有看稿。”
[牛刀小试2]
句子改错，每句仅一处错误。
1. In generally, most teenagers now listen to rock music. However, Jonah prefers classical music.
2. I suppose Robert is fit the job in case he can put his mind to it.
3. Eat too much fat can lead to heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
4. He has devoted his whole life to benefit mankind.
5. Tom's interests include basketball, bowling, and surfing the Web as good as studying his favorable subjects.
☆词语比较☆
1. spend, cost, take, pay, pay for
(1) spend的主语必须是“人”，宾语可以是钱、精力、时间等，其后用on+名词或用in(可省略) + 动名词形式，不接不定式。He spends much money on books. 他平时将很多钱用在买书上。/ He spent a lot of money (in) buying a new car. 他花很多钱买一辆新车。
(2) cost的主语必须是“物”或“事”，表示“费用”、“耗费”，后接life，money，health，time等，侧重于“花费”的代价。The book cost him one dollar. 这本书用了他一美元。/ Making experiments like this costs much time and labor. 做这样的实验要花很多时间和劳力。
[注意]cost后不能与具体的时间长度连用，只能与表示抽象概念的时间短语连用。如：some time, much time, ten years of hard work 等。可说It cost him ten years of work. 不可说It cost him ten years to work.
(3) take 表示“花费”时，其主语一般是“一件事”，有时主语也可以是人，它说明事情完成“花费了……”。 It took me ten minutes to go to the post office.到邮局用去了我十分钟时间。/ The producer took two years to make the film. 制片商用了两年时间拍这部新影片。
[说明] take...to do sth. 句型侧重完成该动作花费的时间，而spend...doing sth. 有时并不说明动作的完成。It took him an hour to read the book.他用一小时读完了这本书。/ He spent an hour (in) reading the book.他用了一小时读这本书。(是否读完并未说明)
(4) pay 的基本意思是“支付”，作为及物动词，宾语可 以是“人”、“钱”。He paid the taxi and hurried to the station. 他付了出租车的钱，急忙向车站赶去。We'll pay you in a few days. 几天后我们会给你钱。
(5) pay for的宾语为“物”、“事”，for 表示支付的原因。 You'll have to pay me ten dollars a week for your meals.你得每周付给我十美元饭钱。
[注意]
(1)下面两句中pay for的意义不同。Of course we have to pay for what we buy.当然我们买东西得付钱。Don't worry about money. I'll pay for you. 别担心钱，我会替你付的。
(2) pay the bill 付账；pay taxes 纳税；pay wages 发工资
以上pay后不能加for
2. agree with, agree to, agree on
(1) ① agree with 的意思是“同意”，“赞成”。后面常接表示人或意见(看法)的名词或代词作宾语。Does she agree with us? 她同意我们的意见吗?
② agree with 还有“与……一致”，“(气候、食物等)适 合”的意思。His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。Too much meat doesn't agree with her.吃太多肉食对她身体不合适。
[注意]agree with不能用于被动语态。
(2) agree to 意为“同意”，“赞成”，后面跟表示“提议”，“办法”，“计划”，“安排”等的名词或代词。Please agree to this arrangement.请同意这个安排。
(3) agree on 表示“对……取得一致意见”，指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一致的意见或是达成了某种协议。After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 经过讨论，双方就停火问题达成了协议。
11. The chairman thought ____ necessary to invite
Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. (2005 全国)
A. that B. it
C. this D. him
【解析】选B it作形式宾语，代替不定式。
依赖、依靠、由于、因为”等意思。它引导的短语，可
以表达正面意思(近于原意“感谢”)，也可用于讽刺
口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”。)它引导的短语在
句中用作状语时，大多放在句首，但也可以置于句
末。
Thanks to your help, passed the test.
幸亏有你的帮助，我测验及格了。(正面意思)
4. power, strength, force
这三个名词都有“力”的意思，但使用范围不完全相
同。power“力”，含义最广，指政治力量或能力；
strength 指某人或某物所具有的内在力量，可指体
力、力气；force 也可指物质或精神力量。多指为做成
某事而使用的力量，也可指武力。
Knowledge is power.
知识就是力量。
The boy gathered his strength to get up.
那个男孩聚集力量站了起来。
It took him great force to lift the big stone.
举起那块大石头花费他很大的力气。
5. real, true
(1) real表示“真的”、“真实的”，“名符其实的”，指的
是事实上(客观上)存在而不是想像的。
Is this real gold?
这是真金吗?
I'm learning to skate on real ice.
我在真正的冰上学滑冰。
(2) true意为“真的、真正的”，表示的是和事实及实
际情况相符合。
It is quite true.
这是真实的。
He is true to his name.
他名不虚传。
[注意] ① true 还可作“忠实的”解。试比较：
true friend (comrade，friendship) 忠实的朋友(同志，友
谊)
real friend (comrade，friendship)真正的朋友(同志，友
谊)
② 在词组come true (实现) 和 be true 中，不能用real
来代替true。
6. such…as…，such as，such…that…
(1) such...as...作“像……那样的”，“如……之类
的”解。such后面可跟可数名词，也可跟不可数名
词。名词前还可加其它形容词修饰。as是关系代
词，引导定语从句，as常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语
等。如：
I want t0 buy such books as are about science and
technology.
我想买科技方面的书。(as在从句中作主语。)
Don't read such books as you can't understand.
不要读你看不懂的书。(as在从句中作宾语。)
Such books as this are too difficult to beginners.
这样的书对于初学者来说是太难r。(as引导一个
省略的从句“as this(is)”，as在从句中作表语)
(2)such as 是短语连词，意为“诸如”，“例如”，引出的
是such前面的词的同位语。如：
John likes to make furniture，such as chairs and tables.
约翰喜欢做家具，如桌子和椅子之类。
(3) such…that…作“如此……以致……”解。that
是连词，引导结果状语从句。
The teacher asked such a difficult question that no one
could answer it. (结果状语从句)
老师问了一个如此难的问题以致没人能够回答。
[比较]
The teacher asked such a difficult question as no one
could answer. (定语从句)
老师问了一个没人能够答得上来的难题。(as在从
句中作宾语)
☆句型诠释☆
1. Where do you think the music comes from?
你觉得这种音乐来自何处?
(1)此句子是由一个一般疑问句和一个特殊疑问句
混合而成，故称为混合疑问句。常用于这种结构的
动词有think, believe, guess, suggest, suppose,
hope, say, imagine等，此类句型常用来征询对方对
某事的看法、判断、意见、认识、猜测等，或者请求埘
方重述一遍。
What do you think Inade Mary so upset?
你认为是什么使玛丽如此不安?
Who do you suppose would believe that story?
你认为谁会相信那个故事?
How high do you,say this mountain is?
你说这山有多高?
[注意]此句型中一类的插入语还可以放在句尾，有
时还可以插入句中，用逗号隔开，在用法上基本相
同。
When do you think he will be back from abroad? (=
When will he be back from abroad， do you think?)
你认为他什么时候会从国外回来?
Which way, do you imagine, he went?
你能想出他走哪条路了吗?
(2) 这种混合疑问句以know, tell, ask, hear等作谓
语动词时，其后带一般疑问句的结构，以及答语不同，后者可以用Yes...，No...来回答，而前者则不行。
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