动词的时态和语态
【考点分析】
1.对下列十种时态的考查：
一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成时 将来完成时 过去将来时
2.既考查时态又考查语态;
3.考查动词的及物与不及物;
4.考查主动形式表示被动意义;
5.考查动词词组在被动语态中的介词问题;
6.对被动语态习惯句型的考查。
【知识点归纳】
I.动词时态和语态的构成形式
主动语态的构成
一般现在时一般过去时
do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)
现在进行时过去进行时
is/am/are doingwas/were doing
现在完成时过去完成时
has/have donehad done
现在完成进行时过去完成进行时
has/have been doinghad been doing
一般将来时过去将来时
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are(about)to dowould/should do
was/were going to do
was/were(about)to do
被动语态的构成
一般现在时一般过去时
is/am/are donewas/were done
现在进行时过去进行时
is/am/are being donewas/were being done
现在完成时过去完成时
has/have been donehad been done
一般将来时过去将来时
will/shall be done
is/am/are going to be done
is/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be done
was/were going to be done
was/were(about)to be done
II.动词时态的用法
1.一般现在时
①一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等;
②主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来;
I’ll go there after I finish my work.
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.
③在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作;
There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。
注意：近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_____ the Pacific,and we met no storm.
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
虽然航海发生在过去，但是，海洋的名称不会因此而变化，所以要用一般现在时。
2.现在进行时
①表示正在进行的动作;
②表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
③代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。
The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
④与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行;
He is always helping others.他总是肯帮助他人。
She is always forgetting something.她老是忘记某些事情。
⑤大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。
常见的有：
▲感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear
▲情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear
▲心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt
▲所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。
3.现在完成时
①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作;
I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.
②表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用;
He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.
③表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”;
表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”。
—Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.
—She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.
④在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。
When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.
We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.
注意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 则不必用完成时;试比较：
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.
She will call you when she gets home.
⑤短暂动词(即瞬间动词)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,
break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说：He has joined the army three years.可采用：
▲“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.
▲“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.
▲“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
注意：没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in(over) the
past/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。
4.现在完成进行时
①用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作;
He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
②凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。
5.一般过去时
①表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或为;
He often sang when he was a boy.
He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.
②用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。
用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。
I didn’t know you were here.(现在已经知道)
Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了)
这一用法考生要特别注意。
注意：参看过去将来时的用法②。
6.过去进行时
①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示);
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
②表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行;
They were still working when I left.
③用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生;
I was writing while he was watching TV.
④过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);
He said she was arriving the next day.
⑤与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。
(参看现在进行时的用法④)
Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.
⑥过去进行时可用来描绘故事发行的背景。
The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.
7.过去完成时
①表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning.
②表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
③过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等动词)。
I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
我本来想昨天拜访你的，但是下雨(让我不能来)。
注意：
▲过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它;
▲before, after本身表示时间的“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
He (had) left before I arrived.
8.一般将来时
一般将来时有下列一些构成形式需要记住：
▲will/shall do (侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事)
▲be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生)
▲be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用)
▲be about to do (按计划即将发生)
一般将来时的用法：
①现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态
Tom will come next week.
He will be here tomorrow.
②事物的固有属性或必然趋势
Oil will float in water.
Fish will die without water.
③对将来某个动作的安排、计划
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
9.将来完成时
用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
10.过去将来时
①过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中);
She was sure she would succeed.
I thought you would come.
把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式。
②表示过去经常发生的动作。
When he was young, he would go swimming.
注意：would与used to的区别：would只表示过去，不涉及现在，而used to表示“过去常常”要与现在比较，即现在不是这样了。
11.要求一定时态的固定的句型
①was/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事，这时突然……)
I was reading a book when the bell rang.
②was/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，这时突然……)
We were about to leave when the telephone rang.
③It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
It’s the first time I’ve seen her.
We have been there three times.
如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，则服从时间状语的要求。
Last year I saw him many times.
④It is/has been… since…
It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.
⑤Hardly… when…No sooner… than…
Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.
I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.
⑥It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
This is the first time I have been here.
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.
III.被动语态的用法
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为"be+及物动词的过去分词"。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由"情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式"构成。
1.被动语态的适用范围
①当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。
This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。
②为了强调动作的承受者时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。
③出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者
You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。
常用于如下句型：
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 据说……
It's reported that… 据报道…… It's not decided that…尚未决定
It's believed that… 据认为…… It's announced that…据宣布……
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